Antigone before Creon Essay Example for Free

Antigone before Creon Essay In the first scene where Sentry appears he is visiting Creon to inform him of the news of the body of Polynice has been buried. From the moment he arrives on stage, Sentry is petrified even from the stage directions this is shown, as it states ‘struggling he is very frightened’ so to help this to be portrayed to the audience that Sentry is terrified, his body language would be all tense, his shoulders would be raised with his head and neck sinking between his shoulders. His facial expressions would help show that he is worried what Creon will have to say, so his eyes would be squinting with his nose wrinkled and with his eyebrows slightly raised whilst he is changing from biting to licking his lips frequently, this will help express that he’s so unbelievably nervous and worried about breaking this news to Creon even before actually speaking to him. Another moment which would show that Sentry is terrified telling Creon about the burial is when he first speaks to Creon ‘My Lord Creon sir! If I can hardly speak for the lack of breath it’s not ‘cos I ran ’ the use of respecting address ‘My Lord’ and ‘ ’ helps show the worry and anxiety of speaking to Creon. Sentry would perform this so his voice would be quick, but shaky, with extended pause to emphasise the ‘ ’ to help elucidate the nervousness Sentry has and that he’s panicking because of the high authority Creon has. Whilst stuttering these words out, Sentry’s body would still be all tense from entering, but he would now start fidgeting and wringing his hands, to help show that he is feeling uncomfortable and uneasy. When Sentry is rambling on to Creon and when he says ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it, should I? ’ this shows that Sentry is trying to convince himself that he’s done no wrong, he’s only the messenger of this news, he had no part in the event. So the way Sentry would perform this would be, he’d say ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it ’ in quite a stern voice, as he’s stating that he shouldn’t be penalized for telling Creon about the incident which has taken place. And whilst saying that, he would lower his head a little, with his eyes looking up at Creon with also raised eyebrows with his mouth slightly to the left pouting vaguely, his body would be leaning forward a little with his shoulders tense and lifted a bit, then with his left arm would be turn in quite tense with his index finger pointing to his chest with him repeating the point movement a few times to help emphasising he’s done no wrong and he is stating this. But then Sentry would realise who he is talking too, and would become more timid when saying ‘ should I? ’ as if he is questioning not just Creon about it but himself, as he would begin to think, should he be punished, has he done wrong. So he would lower his sharp tone in his voice, and make it become more high pitched, to give emphasis to him questioning the situation. His body would then quickly shoot up from the leaning forward his shoulders wouldn’t be raised but his whole body would tense up, with his left foot slightly in front of his right ,he would then freeze with his arms bent in, tucked underneath his armpits, with his hands seemingly flapping inwards to his chest, to help show his uncertainty. Another moment which shows that Sentry is scared stiff is when Creon has shouted at Sentry demanding who has disobeyed his orders, Sentry replies with ‘No way of knowing we’ve no idea! no digging, no spade marks no wheel tracks or anything. ’ he appears to be listing the absence of any possible evidence which suggests how or by whom this incident has taken place, which is emphasising he is in fear of Creon, and is totally ‘panic stricken’. So Sentry would perform this by ‘stating the list’ rapidly, but stuttering to emphasise he is thinking of things to say so Creon doesn’t screech at him. So the tone of Sentry’s voice would be at a high pitch, rushed and shaky, he’d be trembling whilst speaking which would draw attention to his anxiety and fear to this whole situation. Sentry would be all tensed up, his shoulders would be raised with his neck sinking in, his arms would be bent in with his hands close to his chest, but again all fidgeting, wringing his hands, he would also be shaking again, which would show his panic. He would be moving backwards and forwards on the spot but gradually moving slowing further away from Creon to help make the point of his fear of Creon and the situation. Another moments is when Sentry is explaining to Creon when they heard the news that Polynice’s body had been buried and they all suspected each other, who was going to tell Creon and when he states ‘I drew the short straw’ this shows that nobody wanted to do this, none of them wanted to be the person to break this news to Creon, as it ‘scared them all shitless’ and they are ‘scared stiff’ of Creon. So Sentry would perform this by emphasising that no one wanted to break this news to Creon as they feared their own life because they had no clue what Creon would do about the incident or to them even. So Sentry would be slightly more confident when saying this because he’s told Creon about the incident now, so now the anxiety of breaking the news to Creon is over, he would step a little closer to Creon to show that he’s not as petrified as he was at the beginning and to show that he’s only the messenger of the whole situation, he doesn’t want to be there as much as Creon doesn’t want him to be there. Sentry’s posture would be less apprehensive and more relaxed because the deed is done, he wouldn’t feel as up tight, so his arms, hands, shoulders and face wouldn’t be as tense, his eyes would be on Creon, making eye contact with him, much of the anguish in his face would have disappeared, so it would be more relaxed, his eyebrows would be lowered, his mouth would appear less strained, depicting more of a natural look, the tone of his voice would be lowered, and he is a little more confident and stronger which shows his sense of relief that he has broke the news to Creon. The second episode of Sentry contrasts with his first visit to Creon, he approaches him with a friendly address ‘Lord Creon’ rather than respecting address like before ‘My Lord Creon’. This shows that Sentry is no longer petrified of Creon, he has done what he was told to do, and he is freed without conviction. To help show this Sentry would perform with a more confident attitude, the friendly approach he gives to Creon shows a slight hint of sarcasm and arrogance towards Creon because he has brought Creon’s ‘criminal’. So the tone of his voice would be strong and loud, with a bold pitch showing the confidence in Sentry, he would sound calm without stuttering. His posture would be up right, his shoulders would be back, his arms would be by his side slightly away from his body, his hands would be relaxed but strong, in a cup shape position to help emphasise the confidence he has. His facial expressions would be strong, his head would be up slightly, with his chin raised up, his eyes would be bold making eye contact with Creon, his eyebrows would be raised, with his mouth slightly pouting to show assurance and certainty. Another moment is when Sentry says ‘This Job was all mine, I caught her ’ this helps show that in this scene Sentry is glad and is proud of himself, he achieved what Creon ordered him to do, and he’ll tell Creon as much as he pleases because he knows he’s done the right thing and it’s what his King wanted. So to help emphasise this, Sentry would perform confidently with a slight cocky manner. For example in his voice when he says ‘ This job was all mine ’ the tone in his voice would be loud and bold, and slightly high, to help express that he is pleased with himself. Again his posture would be up right, and confident, his shoulders would be back, his head slightly up, his right arm would be up, bent at the elbow and his lower arm and hand facing into him, and he would point to himself with force to show confidence and pride and that he wants take all the credit for it. And when Sentry says ‘I caught her,’ the tone in his voice would lower slightly and become more forceful and a lot louder. His attitude would become a little more aggressive and more arrogant because he wants to show to Creon that he’s not scared of him, he can’t punish him because he’s done what Creon wanted, so he wants to show that he too has authority, he is an independent, strong man, and Creon has nothing to put against him. So his posture would still be very confidence and bold with his shoulders back and head up, his hand gesture pointing to himself would become more aggressive and quicker as he says ‘I caught her,’ to help emphasise that he’s done want he was told and he’s free to go. His face would become a little tense but not because he is scared like before but because he has become more confidence and arrogant so his mouth would tense up, he would grit his teeth together with a tense jaw whilst saying ‘I caught her,’ his eyebrows would lower and would be rounded towards his eyes, his eyes would be slightly scrunched up and would have a sharp stare towards Creon. This shows his arrogance and sort of pride that he manages to capture the ’criminal’ so again he wants all the credit. Another moment which shows the changes of Sentry’s attitude is when he states to Creon ‘By rights, I’m free to go; and well shot of all of it. ’ This shows the relief which Sentry has, he knows he is right and that Creon cannot hold him to anything any longer and the fact that he has found the ‘criminal’ for Creon, he should be praised for doing this deed. To help show that Sentry is relived, his manner would become more relaxed than before, his arm would still be bent at the elbow with his lower arm and hand facing his body pointing, but his posture wouldn’t be up right, most of his weight would be on his right side, with his right hip lifted and with his left leg bent at the knee with his foot turned out, whist saying ‘ By rights, I’m free to go ’ he would still be pointing to himself with force to show his confidence, and when he says ‘ and well shot of all of it’ his whole manner and posture would stay the same but his right arm would lower with a fast rounded movement, and would be placed on his lifted right hip, allowing to show attitude and arrogance in his character. Another moment is when Creon asked did Sentry catch the ‘criminal’ Antigone in the act, Sentry replies with ‘Well, gentlemen, it was like this,’ this shows that Sentry enjoys telling the story, that he is proud of himself finding her, proving to Creon that he’s far better than Creon states him to be. So the way Sentry would perform is, the tone in his voice, would be quite low and soft but quite cocky, to help show that Creon is asking him the questions about how Sentry caught the criminal in the act, on his own, he found her, not Creon or anybody else. So he takes his time when he says it, showing that he is the hero, he’ll make the decisions when and how to tell Creon. So his manner and posture would be quite laid back at this point, he would be one hundred percent relaxed, he has no worry or anxiety like before when telling Creon his story, this time he is the one in control, so his posture again would be slouchy, his weight would be all on one side, but this time on his left to show that he’s been standing there a long time, so in a way he is getting a little bored, even though he wants to show off and tell Creon how it all happened. So he switches sides right to the left, so his left hip lifted all the weight on his left side, his right knee is bent and his right foot turned out, his right hand then is lifted from his hip at which point his left hand is placed on his left hip, his right hand slowly makes its way up to the back of his head slightly to the right and scratches it. Then he lower his arm so his elbow is bent and underneath his armpit with his right hand lifted up to his chest, with his right hand relaxed, and begins to make wringing type hand gestures whilst telling his story. This helps emphasise that Sentry’s attitude towards Creon has completely changed, he is no longer frightened of Creon as he has done a ‘good job’ in Creon’s eyes, he is no longer in the hands of Creon and is free to leave without being punished so compared to the timid, shaky Sentry in the first scene, he is now bold, confident and fearless of his King Creon.

Copious Imagery within the Tragedy Othello :: Othello essays

Copious Imagery within the Tragedy Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   In the Bard of Avon’s tragic drama Othello there resides imagery of all types, sizes and shapes. Let us look at the playwright’s offering in this area.    In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman discusses the significance of imagery within this play:    Reiterative language is particularly prone to acquire a continuity of its own and to become â€Å"an independent part of the plot† whose effect we can attempt to gauge. It may create â€Å"mood† or â€Å"atmosphere†: the pervasiveness of images of injury, pain, and torture in Othello has a very strong impact that is not wholly determined by who uses the images. But most of all the â€Å"system of imagery† introduces thoughts, ideas, themes – elements of the meaning that is the author’s final organization of all his materials. (333)    The vulgar imagery of the ancient dominate the opening of the play. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the types of imagery used by the antagonist when he â€Å"slips his mask aside† while awakening Brabantio:    Iago is letting loose the wicked passion inside him, as he does from time to time throughout the play, when he slips his mask aside. At such moments he always resorts to this imagery of money-bags, treachery, and animal lust and violence. So he expresses his own faithless, envious spirit, and, by the same token, his vision of the populous city of Venice – Iago’s â€Å"world,† as it has been called. . . .(132)    Standing outside the senator’s home late at night, Iago uses imagery within a lie to arouse the occupant: â€Å" Awake! what, ho, Brabantio! thieves! thieves! thieves! / Look to your house, your daughter and your bags!† When the senator appears at the window, the ancient continues with coarse imagery of animal lust: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is topping your white ewe,† and â€Å"you'll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; you'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans.† Brabantio, judging from Iago’s language, rightfully concludes that the latter is a â€Å"profane wretch† and a â€Å"villain.†    When Iago returns to the Moor, he resorts to violence in his description of the senator, saying that â€Å"nine or ten times / I had thought to have yerk'd him here under the ribs.

Have the Aspirations of the Un’s Founders as Laid Out

The United Nations was established at the San Francisco Conference on October 24 1945. The world had just witnessed the failure of the League of Nations to fulfill its purpose, the prevention of a Second World War. Consequently the countries that had opposed Germany and Japan looked to succeed where they had previously failed in promoting a â€Å"just and peaceful global community† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 314). The objectives, principles and structure of the organization they hoped would achieve this were recorded in the United Nations Charter. Upon entering the UN, members were required to consent to the set of conditions laid out in this treaty. At the outset there were 51 members. By 2006 this number had grown to include 192 member states, almost encompassing the entire world. Yet whilst the organization has grown in size, the question remains as to whether those aspirations originally laid out in the Charter have actually been met. I will argue that the United Nations has had some success in its capacity as a humanitarian organization, as well as being a useful tool helping to solve international economic, social and cultural problems. However I believe that the UN remains somewhat impotent with regards to issues of international peace and security. The UN Charter is composed of a preamble, followed by numerous articles grouped by topic into a total of 19 chapters. The preamble offers an overview of the hopeful aspirations upon which the UN was founded. The vision that is described consists of four crucial goals. These are then reiterated in the first chapter in a more formal context. The fist target of the UN is â€Å"To maintain international peace and security† (UN Charter). I will argue that the UN is, and indeed always will be incapable achieving this. The second goal laid out in the Charter is â€Å"To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples† (UN Charter). This effectively promotes the concept of state sovereignty, the idea that every state has the right to govern itself without alien intervention. I will argue that this too is unattainable in accordance with UN principles. My case for the failure of the first aim is based upon the principle behind the second aim, and visa versa. The case that I put forewords is that the ideal of simultaneously maintaining peace while promoting sovereignty is unattainable. The other aspirations of the UN include â€Å"solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character† as well as â€Å"promoting and encouraging respect for human rights† (UN Charter). I will argue that the UN has indeed had some success in achieving these two objectives. In order to assess whether the United Nations aim to promote international peace and security has been successful, it is first important to have some understanding of the UN Security Council and the way it functions. Originally it consisted of 11 states. In 1965 this number rose to 15. Of these states, five maintain a permanent membership whilst the ten others are elected on a biennial basis. For decisions made by the Security Council to be passed, a majority of 9 of the 15 member states must vote in favor of them. Furthermore this majority must include every one of the permanent member states, effectively granting them veto power over all decisions regarding security. The permanent members consist of â€Å"the USA, Britain, France, Russia (previously the Soviet Union), and China† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 , p. 15), those states considered to be the great powers at the time the UN was formed. In accordance with the Charter, in the incidence of a perceived threat to international peace the Security Council first attempts to find a nonviolent means to settle the issue. This is described in Chapter VI and may involve settlement or mediation. Other non-violent methods may include â€Å"complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations† (UN Charter: article 41). Where violence is unavoidable the UN may sanction a peacekeeping mission with the objective of affecting a ceasefire or separating rival forces. The principles of UN with regards to international peace and security have now been described. It was the hope in 1945 that the Security Council could be used as a tool to â€Å"save succeeding generations from the scourge of war† (UN Charter: Preamble). However I would argue that just like the League of Nations before it, the fundamental principles behind UN’s security policies are flawed, rendering their aspiration for international peace impossible. It is my belief that the aforementioned policies of the Security Council are incompatible with the principle of state sovereignty, which is also endorsed as an aim of the UN in Article 2 (7) of the Charter, stating that â€Å"Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state†. F. H. Hinsley presents the idea of these two ideals clashing in his book ‘Sovereignty’ (1966). The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 â€Å"legitimized and standardized† (Watson; 1992) the practice of state sovereignty amongst major European powers, requiring them to recognize and respect the territorial integrity of other states. This is widely considered as being the formal introduction of state sovereignty into international relations. Sovereignty essentially refers to â€Å"the supreme authority in a political community† (basiclaw. net; 2004) and implies that states have the right to govern themselves, recognizing no higher authority. However even before such ideas were given proper recognition, states had always recognized their right â€Å"to go to war for any reason whatever, on any pretext at all, if it judged war to be in its interests or necessary for its security† (Hindsley; 1966:p230). It follows that this right is encompassed within those of a sovereign state, which recognize no higher authority and so are free to do that which is in their best interests. Hinsley points out that â€Å"after the end of the nineteenth century states clung tenaciously to this right, believing it to be fundamental to their sovereignty† (1966 p. 30). Yet at the same time, following the devastation of the Second World War, states were undoubtedly disinclined to enter another global conflict. In an attempt to maintain peace the United Nations was formed. Hinsley wrote that the League of Nations Covenant was ‘riddled with compromises which reflect the clash between their conviction that it had become imperativ e to restrict their right to go to war and their conviction that it remained impolitic or impossible to do so† (1966). I would argue that the same could be said for the United Nations Charter, which simultaneously prohibits war whilst insisting on state sovereignty. At the time when the UN was founded, this clash of interests represented in the Charter may not have been of great consequence. Nations were sick of war and were happy to respect sovereignty if it meant they could avert further conflict. This reflected the â€Å"traditional belief that diplomats should ignore the internal affairs of states in order to preserve international stability† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 20). However over time shifts in the international environment would change this. During the cold war, member states were tentative when it came to any sort of interference within other sovereign states. This was demonstrated in Jean Kirkpatrick’s (1979) essay written in the defending the preservation of brutal dictatorships in Latin America as a means of fighting communism without having to get directly involved (Forsy the 1988: 259-60). Furthermore â€Å"the process of decolonization had privileged statehood over justice†, the UN having â€Å"elevated the right to statehood above any tests of viability, such as the existence of a nation, adequate economic performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 314). However with the end of the cold war came a shift in the attention of the international community towards â€Å"individual political and civil rights, as well as the right to basic provisions like food, water, health care, and accommodation† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 314). Charles Beitz exemplified this, being amongst the first to argue against unconditional statehood, claiming that subsequent to independence there must be greater consideration of circumstances of the individual (Beitz 1979). It was argued that these circumstances of the individual were not merely a humanitarian concern, but could potentially be â€Å"a threat to international peace and security. Evidence of a threat to international peace and security could be the appearance of significant numbers of refugees, or the judgment that other states might intervene militarily† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008). This developing association of morality with national interest in the UN agenda is what I believe brings to light the clash between the aspirations of the UN, one being to promoting international peace, the other being the preservation of the â€Å"self-determination of peoples† (UN Charter, article 1). In order to uphold the rights of individuals where they are being neglected, intervention is necessary. Here it seems the UN is caught in a catch 22. On the one hand they can neglect to take interventionist action in order to protect sovereignty. This can be seen in the reluctance of the UN intervene n Darfur which in 2009 had resulted in the death of â€Å"up to 200,000 people and left 2. 7 million homeless† (Tisdall, 2009). Alternatively they have the option of a â€Å"relaxation of the non-intervention principle† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 323). However this approach is equally problematic in attempting to ensure international peace, creating a â€Å"slippery slope† whereby states will take military action without the approval of the UN (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 314). This is recognized by Hinsley, who points out that â€Å"States easily exploit such loopholes. If they cannot plead self-defense for using force- a difficulty which they rarely encounter – they can use it without declaring war or justify it by claiming that they are acting in a good cause as the Security Council would act if the Security Council were not stalled. † (Hindsley, 1966 p. 233). The 2003 invasion of Iraq can be seen to illustrate this point. Before entering Iraq, America looked to gain UN approval. Whilst there has been great speculation over its motivations for doing so, the justification given to the UN was Iraq’s supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction. The alleged presence of these meant the US could claim they were acting to protect the interests of their people. Later the violation of human rights was also given as a justification. However the UN security council did not come to a decision in the winter of 2003 and â€Å"France and Russia threatened to veto a second Security Council resolution authorizing force† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008 p. 323). Regardless of this response a US-led coalition waged war in Iraq in March 2003. The Iraq War case study demonstrates the impotence of the UN to prevent major powers from pursuing their own agendas, even when these agendas threaten international security. In an interview with the BBC, the United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan has said, â€Å"from our point of view and from the Charter point of view [the war] was illegal† (2004). On the other hand a statement from the â€Å"Bush administration’s National Security Strategy of September 2002† (Taylor; Curtis, 2008) claimed that the US â€Å"will be prepared to act apart when our interests and unique responsibilities require† (NSS, 2002: 31). This perfectly illustrates how a state exercising its sovereignty, acting in its own special interests which in this scenario include going to war, is at odds with the principles set out in the UN. I would argue that this failure in not a result of UN administration or procedure. It seems instead that the UN is based upon a flawed principle that attempts to encompass two opposing ideals. A system that acknowledges the fact that states internal affairs are of international consequence and therefore can potentially merit intervention, cannot at the same time achieve its aim to maintain international state sovereignty. We see America is unable to exercise its right as a sovereign state to wage war on Iraq under the terms of the Charter, and so must act outside it. Ultimately I would conclude that the ideals at the heart of the UN have rendered it powerless to prevent international conflict impossible. Likewise the ability to justify interventionist policies through the terms of the charter means that the UN can never fully achieve its aspiration to allow the â€Å"self-determination of peoples†. I have already touched somewhat upon another ambition set out in the UN Charter, the aim to promote & protect human rights. However as yet I have only addressed human rights issues with a view to them potentially being a threat to international peace and security. I shall now go on to look at them in greater detail, explaining why I believe the UN has to some extent been successful, despite the fact that human rights abuse is still rife in the world today. A major problem faced by the UN in their efforts to spread human rights is a lack of trust between states that results in a breakdown of international cooperation. The inclusion of human rights earlier in the essay when focusing on issues regarding security and sovereignty highlights an important point. Since the rise in humanitarian intervention after the end of the cold war, there have been â€Å"doubts about the extent to which ‘humanitarian intervention’ is a separate legal or conceptual category† (Welsh, 2006, p. 81). Between 1991-2000 there were 9 cases of humanitarian interventions in Northern Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, Albania, Sierra Leone, Kosovo and East Timor (Welsh, 2006). However in all but two cases the UN Security Council or independently acting states did not cite â€Å"humanitarian considerations alone as a basis for intervention† (Welsh 2006, p. 81).

A Master Mind By Napoleon Hill - 820 Words

The term mastermind is a current buzzword among entrepreneurs. Although it might be nice to have a supergenius like Lex Luthor on your side, the term mastermind, in the context of business, has nothing to do with comic book supervillains. The term was first coined by Napoleon Hill in his famous 1925 book â€Å"The Law of Success.† In the book, a master mind (two words at that time) was his way of describing the benefits of cooperation among business colleagues. The book itself was a good example of the power of a mastermind, as it was derived from interviews with over 100 of the most highly successful millionaire business people at that time. Fast forward to the 21st century, and the term is still popular, although the meaning has changed somewhat. Today the term mastermind refers to a group of entrepreneurs that come together to lend support and share various resources of knowledge, contacts and opportunities. There are many kinds of masterminds. 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